| Peer-Reviewed

Dietary Exposure, Risk and Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Grains (Beans, Soya Beans, Corn, Guinea Corn) from Markets in Nigeria

Received: 11 July 2023     Accepted: 28 July 2023     Published: 22 August 2023
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This study aimed at determining the; quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs in beans, soyabeans, corn and guinea corn consumed in South East Nigeria; source of emission; daily intake amount and health risks associated with their consumption among adult male and female individuals. Thirty six grain samples from markets in Eastern part of Nigeria were analyzed of 16 PAHs. The extraction and analysis were respectively by sonication and gas chromatography coupled flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The limif of detection, LOD and limit of quantification, LOQ obtained ranged from 0.03 × 10-3 µg/dm3 - 0.09 × 10-3 µg/dm3 and 0.09 x 10-3 µg/dm3 - 0.25 × 10-3 µg/dm3 respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 94.0% - 99.2%. The ∑16 PAHs concentrations (× 10-2µg/kg) detected ranged from 18.69±1.991 - 28.581±11.213. The mean total of HMW PAHs ranged from 12.673±5.554 - 20.792±2.437. The sum of eight probable carcinogenic PAHs detected ranged from 8.875±2.725 - 13.573±8.793. The mean dietary exposure to PAH for male adult individuals (90.95 µg/kg bw/day) was less than that of female (100.52 µg/kg bw/day) implying that adult female were more exposed. The margin of exposure, MOE values were greater than 10,000 indicating no health concern for risk management actions. The source determination revealed fuel combustion and petrogenic as PAHs emission sources. The TTEC for the cPAHs of the analyzed grains showed non toxicity of the samples. The PAHs detected in the samples were below 1.0 µg/kg which is the permissible limit established by EFSA and are considered safe for consumption.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 11, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12
Page(s) 63-73
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Margin of Exposure, Dietary Exposure, Grains, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Gas Chromatography

References
[1] IARC. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 2010, 93, 9–38.
[2] ATSDR, (2015). Comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act (CERCLA) priority list of hazardous substances.
[3] Odika, I. M. and Okoye, C. O. B. (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs contamination levels in Nigeria staple grains. International Journal of Innovative Science Research Technology, 3 (10): 752-757.
[4] Odika, I. M., Okoye, C. O. B, Nwankwo, N. V., Okpala, U. V., Aduaka, C. N. and Onyirioha, N. (2022) Comparison of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs concentration levels in types of beans and maize from markets in South East Nigeria. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 10 (2): 23-28.
[5] Olabemiwo, O. M., Tella, A. C., Omodara, N. B., Esan A. O. and Alabede Oladapo. (2013). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Local Snacks in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3 (2): 90-97.
[6] Embbey, K. O., Chukwujindu, M. A., Ajogungbe, E. E. and Godswill O. T. (2015). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Concentrations in Imported Canned Maize. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 3 (1): 53-58.
[7] Olabemiwo, O. M. (2013). Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Grilled/Roasted Maize and Plantain Sold in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 13 (3): 87-93.
[8] Ihedioha, N. J., Okali, E. E., Ekere, N. R. & Ezeofor, C. C. (2019). Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Pasta Products Consumed in Nigeria. Iran J Toxicol, 13 (1): 19-26.
[9] Odika, I., Okoye, C., Odionyenma, O. and Okpala, U. (2020) Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs in Grain Legumes from Markets in Anambra and Enugu States of Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 9 (5): 3035-3040.
[10] Ju, Yun-Ru, Chen, Chi-Feng, Wang, Ming-Huang, Chen, Chiu-Wen, Dong, Cheng-Di (2022) Assessment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs in seafood from coastal aquaculture ponds in Taiwan and human health risk assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol 421.
[11] Ferrante, M., Zanghi, G., Cristadi, A., Copat, C., Grasso, A., Fiore, M., Signorelli, S. S., Zuccarello, P., Conti, G. O. (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs in seafood from the Mediterranean sea: An exposure risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 115: 385-390.
[12] Alomirah, H.; Al-Zenki, S.; Al-Hooti, S.; Zaghloul, S.; Sawaya, W.; Ahmed, N.; Kannan, K. Concentrations and dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from grilled and smoked foods. Food Control 2020, 22, 2028–2035.
[13] I. Ogbonna, and K. Nwaocha, (2015). Determination of levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on singed cowhide (punmo) and charcoal grilled meat (suya). Archives of Applied Science Research, 7 (4): 1-6.
[14] Bishnoi, N. R.; Mehat, U. and Pendit, G. G. (2006). Quantification of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit and vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 13: 30-35.
[15] Minmin Wu., Zhonghuan Xia, Qianqian Zhan., JingYin., Yanchi Zhou., and Hao Yang. (2016), Distribution and Health Risk Assessment on Dietary Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables in Nanjing, China. Journal of Chemistry Volume 2016, Article ID 1581253, 8 pages Volume Article ID 1581253, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1581253
[16] Maize Crop International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA. (2009). www.iita.org/maize. Retrieved 2009-1-16.
[17] FAO Corporate Document Repository. (1995). Sorghum and Millet in Human Nutrition. www.fao.org/docrep/T081BE/T0818E01.htm#Sorghum
[18] Henkel, J. (2000). Soy: Health Claims for Soy Protein, Questions About Other Components. FDA Consumer, 34 (3): 18-20.
[19] Kroes, R., Muller, D., Lambe, J., Lowik, M. R. H., Van Klaveren, J., Kleiner, J. et al. (2002). Assessment of intake from the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 40 (2-3): 327-385.
[20] Average body weight of a Nigerian weight of a man and a woman in kg in Nigeria (2020) (https://nimedhealth.com.ng>average). Retrieved 2022-5-11.
[21] European Food Safety Authority, EFSA. (2005). Opinion of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonized approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. Euro Food Saf Auth J. 282: 1-31.
[22] Rozentale, I., Stumpe-Viksna, I., Zac, D., Siksna, S. I., Melngaile, A. & Bartke vics, V. (2015). “Assessment of dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from smoked meat products produced in Latvia” Food Control, 54: 16-22.
[23] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO). Safety Evaluation of certain Food Additive and contaminants. (WHO Food Additive series n. 58). Geneva: FAO/WHO, 2007. P: 209-267.
[24] European Food Safety Authority, EFSA. (2008). Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European commission on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Euro Food Saf Auth J. 2008; 724: 1-114.
[25] United State Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA (1990). Clean Air Act Section 112: Hazardous. Air Pollutants. http://www.epagov/glnpo/lmmb/ methods/samprep2.pdf. Retrieved 2009-2-8
[26] Drabova, L.; Tomaniova, M.; Kalachova, K.; Kocourek, V.; Hajslova, J.; Pulkrabova, J. Application of solid phase extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils. Food Control 2013, 33, 489–497.
[27] Wegrzyn, S., Grzeskiewicz, W., Poplawska, and Glod, B. K. (2006). Modified Analytical Method for PAHs using SEC for Sample Preparation of RP-HPLC with Fluorescence Detection. Application to Different Food Sample. Acta Chromatographica, 17 (17): 233-249.
[28] Mojtaba, Y.; Ghazal, S.; Nasim, K.; Vahid, G. M.; Yadolah, F.; Hedayat, H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of edible vegetable oils in Iran: A risk assessment study. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2018, 118, 480–489.
[29] Liu Q, Wu P, Zhou P, Luo P. Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetable Oils and Frying Oils by Using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) Approach in China. Foods. 2023; 12 (4): 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040811
[30] Kang, B.; Lee, B.-M.; Shin, H.-S. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Content and Risk Assessment from Edible Oils in Korea. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A Curr. Issues 2014, 77, 1359–1371.
[31] Iwegbue, C. M., Edeme, J. N., Tesi, G. O., Bassey, F. I., Markincigh, B. S. and Nwajei, G. E. (2014). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in commercially available infant formulae in Nigeria: Estimation of dietary intakes and risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol, 72: 221-227. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.026.
[32] Lee, J. G., Suh, J. H. and Yoon, H. J. (2019). Occurrence and risk characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils by margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Appl Biol Chem, 62: 51 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/513765-019-0454-0
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Odidika Collins Chibuzor, Muobike Chidinma Malinda, Okoye Chukwuma Obiajulu. (2023). Dietary Exposure, Risk and Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Grains (Beans, Soya Beans, Corn, Guinea Corn) from Markets in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 11(4), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Odidika Collins Chibuzor; Muobike Chidinma Malinda; Okoye Chukwuma Obiajulu. Dietary Exposure, Risk and Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Grains (Beans, Soya Beans, Corn, Guinea Corn) from Markets in Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2023, 11(4), 63-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Odidika Collins Chibuzor, Muobike Chidinma Malinda, Okoye Chukwuma Obiajulu. Dietary Exposure, Risk and Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Grains (Beans, Soya Beans, Corn, Guinea Corn) from Markets in Nigeria. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2023;11(4):63-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12,
      author = {Odika Ifeoma Maryrose and Odidika Collins Chibuzor and Muobike Chidinma Malinda and Okoye Chukwuma Obiajulu},
      title = {Dietary Exposure, Risk and Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Grains (Beans, Soya Beans, Corn, Guinea Corn) from Markets in Nigeria},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
      volume = {11},
      number = {4},
      pages = {63-73},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20231104.12},
      abstract = {This study aimed at determining the; quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs in beans, soyabeans, corn and guinea corn consumed in South East Nigeria; source of emission; daily intake amount and health risks associated with their consumption among adult male and female individuals. Thirty six grain samples from markets in Eastern part of Nigeria were analyzed of 16 PAHs. The extraction and analysis were respectively by sonication and gas chromatography coupled flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The limif of detection, LOD and limit of quantification, LOQ obtained ranged from 0.03 × 10-3 µg/dm3 - 0.09 × 10-3 µg/dm3 and 0.09 x 10-3 µg/dm3 - 0.25 × 10-3 µg/dm3 respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 94.0% - 99.2%. The ∑16 PAHs concentrations (× 10-2µg/kg) detected ranged from 18.69±1.991 - 28.581±11.213. The mean total of HMW PAHs ranged from 12.673±5.554 - 20.792±2.437. The sum of eight probable carcinogenic PAHs detected ranged from 8.875±2.725 - 13.573±8.793. The mean dietary exposure to PAH for male adult individuals (90.95 µg/kg bw/day) was less than that of female (100.52 µg/kg bw/day) implying that adult female were more exposed. The margin of exposure, MOE values were greater than 10,000 indicating no health concern for risk management actions. The source determination revealed fuel combustion and petrogenic as PAHs emission sources. The TTEC for the cPAHs of the analyzed grains showed non toxicity of the samples. The PAHs detected in the samples were below 1.0 µg/kg which is the permissible limit established by EFSA and are considered safe for consumption.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Dietary Exposure, Risk and Toxicological Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Grains (Beans, Soya Beans, Corn, Guinea Corn) from Markets in Nigeria
    AU  - Odika Ifeoma Maryrose
    AU  - Odidika Collins Chibuzor
    AU  - Muobike Chidinma Malinda
    AU  - Okoye Chukwuma Obiajulu
    Y1  - 2023/08/22
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
    SP  - 63
    EP  - 73
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-7536
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.12
    AB  - This study aimed at determining the; quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs in beans, soyabeans, corn and guinea corn consumed in South East Nigeria; source of emission; daily intake amount and health risks associated with their consumption among adult male and female individuals. Thirty six grain samples from markets in Eastern part of Nigeria were analyzed of 16 PAHs. The extraction and analysis were respectively by sonication and gas chromatography coupled flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The limif of detection, LOD and limit of quantification, LOQ obtained ranged from 0.03 × 10-3 µg/dm3 - 0.09 × 10-3 µg/dm3 and 0.09 x 10-3 µg/dm3 - 0.25 × 10-3 µg/dm3 respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 94.0% - 99.2%. The ∑16 PAHs concentrations (× 10-2µg/kg) detected ranged from 18.69±1.991 - 28.581±11.213. The mean total of HMW PAHs ranged from 12.673±5.554 - 20.792±2.437. The sum of eight probable carcinogenic PAHs detected ranged from 8.875±2.725 - 13.573±8.793. The mean dietary exposure to PAH for male adult individuals (90.95 µg/kg bw/day) was less than that of female (100.52 µg/kg bw/day) implying that adult female were more exposed. The margin of exposure, MOE values were greater than 10,000 indicating no health concern for risk management actions. The source determination revealed fuel combustion and petrogenic as PAHs emission sources. The TTEC for the cPAHs of the analyzed grains showed non toxicity of the samples. The PAHs detected in the samples were below 1.0 µg/kg which is the permissible limit established by EFSA and are considered safe for consumption.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

  • Sections